人教版英语教材高一重难点总结

Unit 1 Good Friends

一、语法   Direct and Indirect Speech(1)    直接引语和间接引语

1.直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相应的调整。

eg: "I broke your CD player."(一般过去时改成过去完成时)    He told me he had broken my CD player.

Jenny said,"I have lost a book."(现在完成时改成过去完成时)   Jenny said she had lost a book.

Mum said,"I’ll go to see a friend."(一般将来时改成过去将来时)   Mum said she would go to see a friend.

He said,"We hadn't finished our homework."(过去完成时保留原有的时态)

He said they hadn't finished their homework.

注意：直接引语是客观真理，过去进行时，时态不变。

2.在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语时第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。如：

Mary said,"My brother is an engineer."   Mary said her brother was and engineer.

3.直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。如：

He said,"Can you run, Mike?"   He asked Mike whether/if he could run.

4.直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth”句型。如：

"Pass me the water, please."said he.   He asked him to pass her the water.

5.直接引语如果是以“Let's”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest+动名词或从句”的结构。如：

She said,"Let’s go to the cinema."

She suggested going to the cinema.(或She suggested that they should go to the cinema.)

二、聚焦高频考点

1.倒装句型：前句为肯定句，后句用so+谓语+主语，意为“某人也……”。如：  She likes dogs. So do I.

前句为否定句，后句用neither/nor+谓语+主语，意为“某人也不……”。如：

The girl has no brothers or sisters. Neither/Nor have I.

2.lonely, alone和lone

alone=by oneself, without others

lonely=unhappy because one is always away from his family or friends，“孤独地”“寂寞的”，暗示主观上的“孤独”“寂寞”，渴望有伴。也可以表示“地方的荒凉”。

lone也有“孤独的，孤零零的一个”，作定语。

eg: I'm alone but I'm not lonely.   I can see only one lone star in the cloudy sky.

leave sth alone表示“不去理会，不要去管某事”。如： Leave me alone!别理我!

Let alone“更不用说”。如：He can't speak Japanese, let alone write it.

作形容词时，alone不能与very连用, 而与much连用，即说much alone或very much alone或all alone；而lonely可与very连用：very lonely.

3.treat sb. as ...把某人当作……来对待

The old man treated the orphan as his own son.“把某人看作……”有以下几种说法：

regard sb as ...=consider sb as ...=think of sb as ...“把……误当作……”: take ... for ...如：

People sometimes take a rope for a snake.

4.care about表示“关心，计较，在乎”，一般用于否定句。如：I don't care about going to the cinema.

care for表示“关心，照料，喜欢”，如：She cared more for new clothes than for anything else.

5.make friends with sb.和……人交朋友。如：

We have made a lot of friends with the different people all over the world.

6.hunt for“竭力寻找”，在很多情况下，look for与search for或hunt for互换。如：

I hunted for the missing book everywhere.

be after表示“搜寻”“寻找”的状态，不指具体的动作。如：That's what I am after.

7.such as用来列举同类人或事物中的几个例子，有时可与like互换，但such as用于列举时可分开使用。而for example一般只举同类人或物中的“一个”为例，作插入语，用逗号隔开，可置于句首句中或句末。

My brother likes collecting different kinds of things, such as coins, books.

三、常用词语和句型

1.be into sth.对……感兴趣，非常喜欢……(非正式英语)   eg: I'm not into classical music.

2.be fond of酷爱，非常喜欢，与enjoy相近，比like感情强。  eg: In his life, he is fond of English.

3.boring主语为物，如：The book is boring.

bored主语为人，如：He is bored.

4.survive幸存；活下来；残存；继续存在。

He survived the traffic accident.    Only three hundred houses survived the earthquake in that city.

survive作不及物动词，表示“残存；留传”的意思。  The custom still survives in that small village.

四、日常交际用语

Hi there. I'm Joe.

I enjoy singing.

I hate hiking and I'm not into classical music.

I'm fond of dancing.

I'm (not) sure that ...

Perhaps ...

He/She thinks that ... is boring/terrible.

 

Unit 2 English around the world

一、语法Direct and Indirect Speech(2)    不定式在间接引语中的运用

祈使句变为间接引语时要将祈使句中的动词原形改为不定式，并在不定式前加上动词ask/tell/order等；若直接引语中的祈使句表示的是命令的口气，间接引语用tell/order; 若祈使句是否定式，则在不定式前加否定词not, 即tell/order sb. not to do sth.如：

"Don't smoke in the room,"he said.   He told me not to smoke in the room.

若直接引语中表示的是请求的口气，间接引语用ask，如：

"Please give the bird clean water every day."My friend said.

My friend asked me to give the bird clean water every day.

"Could you help me with my homework?"she said.   She asked me to help her with her homework.

当直接引语是疑问句时，在转变为间接引语时，应运用疑问词+不定式，在句中作宾语。如：

"When shall we start?"he asked.   He wanted to know when to start.

二、聚焦高频考点

1.a great/good many+可数名词的复数形式，如：There are a great many Indian words in American English.

a number of+可数名词的复数形式，如：A number of teachers and students take an active part in the match.

the number of中的number指“总数量”，与复数名词连用，谓语动词用单数。如：

The number of the Doctor and Masters in this primary school is only 20.

2.except for, except, besides, but, but for用法区别

except for用于非同类事物，它的宾语与前述对象不属同类。

eg: The essay is generally good except for some spelling mistakes.

but for=without表示“要不是……”。一般放在句首，表达语气是虚拟的，主句也用虚拟。如：

But for the Party, we would never get a good life.

except和besides用于肯定句时，except表示“除……之外（不再有）”强调除去部分；besides表示“除……之外（还有）”强调还包括的部分。如：We all went hiking except Jack.(Jack不去)

We all went hiking besides Jack.(Jack也去)

except, besides, but用于否定句时可互换，如：Nobody could get the certification except/besides/but you.

谓语是do时，except/but后的不定式省去to. 如：He did nothing but/except stay at home all day.

But前没有do时，but后不定式要带to，如：We have no choice but to wait.

3.定语从句中关系代词只能用that的情况

1)先行词是all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等。如：

That is all that I want to tell you.

2)先行词被all, few, any, every, little, no, some修饰时。如：I have finished every book (that) my teacher lent me.

3)被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，如：The second lesson that she learned will never be forgotten.

4)先行词被only, the very, the same, the last修饰时，如：He is the only one that I want to see.

5)先行词既有人又有物时，如：We were talking of things and persons that we remembered in the liberated area.

4.as作关系代词或关系副词引导定语从句时，as可作主语，表语，这个定语从句说明或代表整个主句，并可以放在主句之前。如：As we all know, English is spoken all around the world.(as作宾语)

As is known to all, there is no ghost in the world.(as作主语)

5.助动词do使用不同的时态替代前文提到过的某一动词词组以避免重复。如：

In the same way Americans use the expression "I guess" just as the British did (这里的did替代前面的used the expression “I guess”) 30 years ago.

6.主语+have+(no, little, some, much, great, ...) difficulty/trouble in doing sth.做某事有困难/麻烦。如：

I have no difficulty in getting a job.

三、常用词语和句型

1.More or less 多少；有点儿；或多或少有几分

eg: I hope he can give you more or less help.     The child is more or less tired.

2.mean(meant, meant) 意味；打算；意欲   I'm sorry, I didn't mean to.(我不是故意的)

mean to do打算做……    He meant to have lunch here.

mean sb to do打算做……    I mean you to have dinner with me tonight.

mean (doing) sth打算做……   To him, doing nothing means giving up.

3.communicate with sb.与……人沟通，通信。My friend often communicates with a foreigner by letter.

communicate sth. to sb.把……通知/告诉某人I like communicating my plans to him.

4.knowledge知识；认知；消息；knowledge of“了解”

My knowledge of Japanese is so poor.  My cousin has a good knowledge of physics.

5.all around the world=all over/throughout the world

四、日常交际用语

Can you spell that, please?

I beg your pardon?

Could you repeat, please?

How do you say ... in English?

What do you mean by ...?

    How do you pronounce ...?

    Could you speak a bit slowly, please?

What does ... mena?

Unit 3 Going places

一、语法      The Present Continuous Tense for Future Actions

1.现在进行时表示一般现在时

现在进行时有时用来代替一般现在时，表示一个经常性动作或状态，为了表示一种情感：

eg: He is always helping others.(表示赞许的情感)

She is always lying to me.(表示不满的情感)

或是为了强调情况的暂时性。

eg: I'm walking to school because my bike is broken.       For these three days, we are starting at 8:00.

2.现在进行时可用来表示将来时, 现在进行时表示将来时，即表示按计划或安排在最近将要进行的动作。

特别是一些表示“移动性”的动词，如：go, come, arrive, leave, start, fly, get等，常用进行时表示将来时。如：

My mother is leaving for Canada tomorrow.      How long are you staying in Guangzhou?

二、聚焦高频考点

1.consider doing sth.=think of doing sth.“考虑做某事”，如：I'm considering going abroad for further study.

consider carefully before taking action三思而后行

consider ... (as), regard ... as ..., treat ... as ...都含“认为……是……”意思。

consider侧重“经过考虑而认为”，表示“一种比较客观的看法”, 如：

consider what he said (as) reasonable. 我认为他说的有道理。

regard 指“把……认为”,“把……看作”，表示“以外部形象得出认识或个人的主观认识”，如：

He was regarded as the foremost authority on chemistry. 他被认为是化学最高权威。

treat表示“在某种认识的基础上看待或对待”，重在行动，而不在认识，如：

They will not be treated as enemies.他们不会被当做敌人对待。

2.means=way，方式，方法。

by means of通过；用；借助于，强调方式，方法。如：

Nowadays the Internet is an important means of communication.  今天网络是信息交流的重要工具。

The local army men helped the victims of the earthquake by every means at their command.

当地的军人用一切可能办法帮助地震灾民。

He climbed the tree by means of a ladder.  他用梯子爬上了树。

常用短语：

by all means 一定；务必

by any means 用一切可能的方法或手段

by no means 决不，一点也不

by this means 用这种方法

3.equipment装备；设备；必需品

office equipment办公室设备

Our school has been given some new equipment.我们学校有了一些赠送的新设备。

A good sleeping bag is an essential part of every campers equipment.一个完好的睡袋是每个露宿者必不可少的装备。

4.on one hand一方面；on the other hand另一方面,如：

I want to go to the party, but on the other hand I ought to be studying.

我想去参加聚会，但从另一方面来说，我应该留下来学习。

5.get away from ...从……逃离，脱离，离开。如：He hoped he could get away from the meeting.

get away with ...(不可用被动语态)潜逃，逍遥法外。Don't expect you can get away with the accident.

6.prefer与to搭配，表示“like sth. better than sth.”如：I prefer coffee to tea.

Which of these two films do you prefer?

prefer doing sth. to doing sth.(这里的动词用动名词形式)表示相对于后一动作，更喜欢做前一个动作。

I prefer cycling to walking.

prefer to do ... rather than do 宁愿……而不愿

prefer to die rather than surrender

prefer to do ...喜欢做某事，用于只列举一个动作时。

She prefers to be alone.

7.why not ...?=why don't you ...?   Why not go rafting with us?=Why don't you go rafting with us?

8.

at the same time同时

at times=sometimes有时

at all times=always随时，无论什么时候

at one time=once从前，曾经

at a time一次，每次

at no time决不，任何时候都不

9.unless：“除非”，“如果……不”

You'll fail in the exam unless you study hard.= If you don't work hard, you'll fail in the exam.

三、常用词语和句型

1.try doing sth.试着做某事  eg: I tried doing all the things myself.

try to do sth.努力/尽力做某事(但未成功)  eg: The doctor tried to persuade his patient to stop smoking, but failed.

2.experience(n.)经验(不可数名词)；经历；阅历(可数名词)  eg: I don't think he has enough experience for the job.

experience(n.)经验；体验；感受  eg: Many people like traveling to experience life in other countries.

experienced(adj.)有经验的，熟练的  eg: Miss Liu is an experienced English teacher.

3.be popular with ...如：This dance is popular with young people.这种舞很受青年人喜爱。

4.instead(adv.)代替instead of=in place of后跟名词，代词，动名词或介词短语

5.protect ... from ...保护……免受…… 如：Don't worry. He will protect you from being hurt.

6.have to意为“不得不，必须”，强调客观上的必要；must则侧重于主观上的必要。

7.see sb. off给某人送行

8.separate(adj.)分离的，分开的；单独的。eg: Cut the apple into three separate parts.

My sister and I sleep in separate beds.

separate(v.)使分离，使分开。eg: Separate the good ones from the bad.

separate sth. (up) into ... 分开(几分)，分割成(几段)   The farmer separated the land (up) into small fields.

9.watch out for sth. 注意，警惕 eg: Watch out! The bus is coming.

You must watch out for the cars when you cross the car.

四、日常交际用语  Have a nice time in Guangzhou!     Say "Hi" to Bob for me.       Have a good trip.

 

Unit 4 Unforgettable experiences

一、语法  The Attributive Clause(1)  复习关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1.who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词。

eg: Is he the man who/that wants to see you?(who/that在从句中主语)

He is the man whom/that I met yesterday.(who/that在从句中宾语)

2.Whose用来指人或物，(只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换)如：

Please pass me the book whose cover is blue.

3.which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可 作主语，宾语等。如：

The book (which/that) my teacher lent me is very interesting.

二、聚焦高频考点

1.be(get) married 表示婚姻状态。如：They are married.   She got married to a doctor.

如果要表示结婚的时间，可用表示行为动作的连系动词get。When did he get married?  He got married in 1997.

如果是父母作主，把女儿“嫁”出去，也用marry，如：She married all her daughters.

She married her daughters to a farmer.

2.occur, happen, take place都含“发生”的意思。

happen为常用词语, 指“一切客观事物或情况的偶然或未能预见地发生”，如：

The accident happened yesterday.事故发生在昨天。

happen to sb./sth.指不好的事情发生在某人(物)身上

occur属正式用语, 指“按计划使某事或效果发生”，通常所指的时间和事件都比较确定，在以具体事物,事件作主语时，可与happen 互换，如：These events occurred in 1909.这些事件发生于1909年。

occur to sb./sth.指“某种思想等呈现于某人的知觉中”，如：Didn't it occur to you to phone him about it?

take place 指“发生事先计划或预想到的事物”，如：

The meeting took place at 8:00 as planned.按计划会议在八点举行了。

3.be on fire着火，表状态。如：Look out! The pan is on fire.

catch fire 表动作eg: The house caught fire last night.

on the fire指的是炉火eg: The pan was on the fire.

4.现在分词作状语表示伴随情况。句中有两个以上的动作，除主要动作用谓语动词表示外，另一个伴随动作均可用现在分词来表达。如：The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden.

Before they reached the house, a new great wave came, sweeping down trees, and sweeping them down too.

I sat at the gate, waiting for my mum.

三、常用词语和句型

1.remember to do sth. 记着做还没做过的事情。eg: She'll remember to send the letter for you.

2.remember doing sth.对做过的事情还记得。eg: I remember having met you before.

remember sb. to ...代……问好/问候。如：Remember me to your parents.

3.used to“表示过去常常做……”该动作不是没有反复性。

注意used to的否定式和疑问句：I used not to like classical music.(此时used to作情态动词)

I didn't use to like classical music.

Used you to like opera?(此时used to作情态动词)    Did you use to like opera?

四、日常交际用语

Help!

I'm afraid to ...

I'm afraid.

It scares me.

Don't worry.

Don't be afraid.

It'll be OK/all right.

It's all right!

Well done.

You can do it!

Come on!

That's better./Keep trying.

 

Unit 5 The silver screen

一、语法  The Attributive Clause(2)

复习由介词和关系代词共同引导的定语从句以及由关系副词where, when, why引导的定语从句。

“介词+关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。这个结构中的介词可以是in, on, about, from, for, with, to, at, of, without等，关系代词只可用whom或which,不可用that，且介词后面的关系词不能省略。另外某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系代词” 结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。eg: This is the house in which my mum and I used to live.

This is the house where (that) my mum and I used to live.

I'll remember the days in which you stayed with me.

I'll remember the days when (that) you stayed with me.

Is this the reason why (that) she was late?

Is this the reason for which she was late?

二、聚焦高频考点

1.play an (important) role in=play an (important) part in 在……起(重要)作用，担任……(重要)角色。如：

China is playing an important part in international trading.

Keanu Reeves played an important role in Speed.

2.owe表示“负债”，如：Don't forget you still owe me 5000 RMB!

owe ... to“感激；把……归功于……”The director owed his success to his family.

3.afford买得起eg: He can afford an apartment.他能买得起一套住房。

afford经受得住；承担得起eg: Can you afford $12000 for ...?你花得起12000美元买……吗？

I can't afford three weeks away from work.我无法丢下工作三星期。

afford提供；给予eg: The transaction afforded him a good profit.这笔买卖使他赚了一大笔。

eg: He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.他告诉我公司无法支付如此巨额的工资。

4.fail to do sth.不能, 不(做), 忘记；疏忽eg: He failed to come.他不能来。

She failed to pass the exam.她考试不及格。

5.think highly of=sing high praise for高度评价，称赞某人/某物

eg: All the people think highly of her good deeds.    The teacher sang highly of the little boy.

6.make comments on/upon评论某事  eg: We are asked to make comments on the film.

三、常用词语和句型

1.become adult=grow up成长，成人eg: What are you going to do when you grow up?

grown-up(adj.)成年的 eg: She has two grown-up sons.

2.be famous for以……而闻名eg: This town is famous for its beautiful buildings.这个城镇以它那漂亮的建筑而出名。

be famous as作为……而闻名eg: Keanu Reeves is famous as an actor.

3.cause(vt.)引起，使发生cause sb. to do sth.  eg: I'm sorry I have caused you so much trouble.

Your words caused him to change his mind.

4.can't help doing sth. 忍不住做某事eg: I couldn't help laughing at his joke.

5.take one's place“就座”；“代替某人的工作”eg: After we took our place, the meeting began.

The headmaster asked for a leave and I had to take his place.

四、日常交际用语

You studied /worked /acted at different ...

First…, and then ...

What did you do next?

Finally you found a job as ...

Later on ...

What made you decide to ...?

What roles did you act?

What do you think of the film?

How long have you been working as ...?

 

Unit6 Good manners

一、Grammar   The Restrictive Attributive Clause and Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause 限制性和非限制性定语从句    限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。如：

This is the car which we bought last year.       The house, which I bought last week, is very bright.

二、聚焦高频考点

1.mean to do“打算，企图”。She means to stay here for two more days.

mean doing“意味着”Missing the plane means waiting for another hour.

2.apologise to sb. for sth./doing sth./what从句,为某事向某人道歉

You should apologise to your teacher for coming late.

I apologise for my mistakes.   I want to apologise for what I've done.

make an apology to sb. for sth. 为某事向某人道歉

She has made an apology to me for her carelessness.

3.forgive(forgave, forgiven)饶恕，豁免，宽恕。常指原谅一个人的过失Just forgive him!  Don't forgive such a person.

excuse表示语气，程度逐渐加强，指轻微的冒犯，失礼。Excuse me for being late.

pardon多指较正式，客气的请求。Please pardon me for stepping you on the foot.

4.at the table餐桌旁We are discussing a question at the table.

at table在进餐His family are sitting at table.

on the table在桌面上；公开The wounded solider are lying on the table.

The manager is going to put the question on the table.

5.advice(不可数名词)a piece of advice/much advice

give; follow/take; ask for advice提出，接受，征求意见eg: I usually ask for his advice.

Some people don't like taking others' advice.

advise sb. to do sth.劝告(建议)某人做某事eg: My mother advised me to listen to BBC news.

Advise+从句(从句用should+动词原形，should可省略)eg: She advised me that I (should) study hard.

6.be busy with sth.忙于某事be busy doing sth.忙于做某事

三、常用词语和句型

1.fault(性格上)的缺点，毛病，过错eg: Talking too much is his greatest fault.

error=mistake(理解，判断上的)错误，误会eg: She has an error in judging that man.

2.to be surprised被震惊  to one's surprise出乎某人意料的事  in one's surprise(内部)惊奇

3.start with/begin with从……开始eg: The party started with a song.

end with ...以……结尾eg: The trip ended with an unhappy quarrel.

4.drink to sb's health为某人的健康干杯eg: Let's drink to Micky's health.

四、日常交际用语

Forgive me. I'm very sorry.

Oh, that's all right.

I apologise for ...

Oh, well, that's life.

I'm sorry. I didn't mean to ...

It's OK.

Oops. Sorry about that.

 

Unit 7 Culture relics

一、语法  The Passive Voice(1)  现在完成时被动语态

现在完成时的被动语态结构是“have/has been+过去分词”。如：

Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.    How many new shopping malls have been set up here?

二、聚焦高频考点

1.include包括；包含。如：Price $14.90, postage included.价格14.90美元，邮资包括在内。

He had included a large number of funny stories in the speech.他在讲话中加进了许多引人发笑的故事。

比较以下两个句子：Eight people hurt in the accident, including three children.

Eight people hurt in the accident, three children included.

2.give in“屈服”“投降”。如：They prefer to die than give in.

give in“(植物等)枯死，成批死去”The plants gave in to the cold weather.

with the help of ...“在……的帮助下”如：With the help of the teacher, the students made great progress last term.

bring back“归还”；“使恢复”如：Remember to bring back the book tomorrow.The letter brought back many memories.

3.begin=start,其后都可以跟不定式或动名词做宾语。一般情况下，不定式或动名词可以互换。但以下三种情况只能用不定式：

1)主语是物时I started/began to cry/crying.    The flower began/start to come out.

2)当begin，start本身是进行时态时The teacher was beginning to get angry.

3)当非谓语动词是表示心理状态的动词时，如realize, understand, know等。

Finally, she began to realize the importance of English.

4.represent代表We should choose someone to represent us.

5.“及物动词＋名词＋介词”这种短语动词转换为被动语态时有两种形式。一种是短语动词当作一个及物动词。

eg: They didn't pay any attention to his words.= His words were not paid any attention to.

另一种方式是把短语动词看成“动词＋宾语＋介词”结构。上句可等于: No attention was paid to his words.

6.It+be+adj.+that-clause 这是主语从句句型。主语从句在句中作主语，可置于主句谓语动词之前，但常用it作形式主语，而把它移到主句之后。如：It is very important that we study English well.

三、常用词语和句型

1.lie(lay, lain, lying)躺  eg: Jack was still lying in bed.

Lie还表示保持在某种状态或位置  eg: Those towns lay in ruins.

2.keep使某人/物保持某种状态

keep the door open

keep the fire burning

keep the child happy

keep on doing继续作某事(含强调重复性和决心)

No matter what happens, just keep on trying.

Keep doing不停地，不断地做某事(表示连续不断的动作或持续的状态)

Why did the baby keep crying?

Keep sb./sth. doing sth.使某人/某物继续做某事

You have kept me waiting so long!

Keep sb./sth. from doing sth.

Sars keeps many people from traveling.

3.主语+be+ said to be ...据说…… eg: The man is said to be a professor before.

It is said that ...据说…… eg: It is said that there is going to be a storm.

4.happen, take place, break out, belong to等不及物动词无被动语态

四、日常交际用语

What shall we put in?

Let's put in ...

What/How about ...?

Can't we put in ...?

Maybe we could put in ...

Why not ...?

Should we put in ...?

I'd like to choose ...

Why don't you ...?

I'd like to ...

Why not ...?

 

Unit 8 Sports

一、语法The Passive Voice(2)一般将来时被动语态

被动语态由助动词“be+过去分词”构成，其时态则通过be的不同形式体现出来。将来时态的被动语态由will/shall+be+过去分词构成，表示某事将要被干。一般将来时被动语态的各种句式：

主语+will/shall+be+过去分词+其它成分The flower will be watered tomorrow.

主语+will/shall not+be+过去分词+其它成分The flower will not be watered tomorrow.

Will/Shall+主语+ be+过去分词+其它成分Will the flower be watered tomorrow?  When will the flower be watered?

二、聚焦高频考点

1.would rather和动词原形连用。否定形式为would rather not do sth.如：I would rather leave now.

would rather do ... than do ...表示宁愿做什么而不愿做什么

如：They would rather die than surrender.

would rather和句子连用。通常动词用过去时，是虚拟语气。在表示以前的动作时，用had done。如：

I'd rather you went home now.   I'd rather he hadn't done that.

2.join in多指参加小规模的活动如“球赛，游戏”等。如：Come on, join in the ball game.

He's going to join in the talk tonight.

take part in 指参加会议或群众性活动等，着重说明句子主语参加该项活动并在活动中发挥作用。如：

We'll take part in social practice during the summer vacation.

They often take part in outdoor activities.

Part前有形容词修饰时，要用不定冠词。如：Lincoln took an active part in politics.

3.stand for代表，特征。如：What do GRE stand for?   The dove stands for peace.

stand for赞同，支持，拥护。如：Almost everyone in the world stand for peace.

stand for容忍。如： She can't stand for his rudeness.

4.the same as意为“同……一样”。如：Many of the sports were the same as they are now.

the same ... as意为“与……一样”，后跟从句。指的是两样东西。如：The pen is the same as you bought yesterday.

the same ... that意为“与……一样，后跟从句。指的是同一件东西。如：That's the same pen I lost.

5.prefer ... to ... 喜欢……而不喜欢……(to是介词)

eg: I prefer swimming to running.= His words were not paid any attention to.

prefer后可直接加名词，代词，动名词等；prefer to后跟动词原形。如：Which one do you like, tea, milk or coffee?

I prefer milk.

Do you want to take a taxi?

No, I prefer to walk.

Do you like swimming?

Yes, but I prefer playing running

6.every可与表示数量的词连用，表示时间或空间的间隔。如：

Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in the Olympic Games.

I usually go to the cinema every three days(every third day).

Every后可接few, 但不能接a few, 因every一词已包含a之意；every后也不能接some, several, many等词。every后接序数词时，则修饰单数可数名词。

7.from/in/on/at/about/+which引导定语从句

关系代词which, whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词一般放在关系代词之前，有时也放在定语从句后面。

The train on which I was traveling was late.

The house in which the old man lived was on fire last night.

The old Olympic Games from which the modern games came began around the year 776 BC in Greece.

8.more ... than有两种含义：一是普通的比较级；另一种表示“与 其说是……”, “是……而不是”，指对同一事物的两种属性进行选择。She is more diligent than wise. 与其说她聪明，不如说她勤奋。

三、常用词语和句型

1.prefer ... to ...喜欢……而不喜欢……, to是介词I prefer swimming to running.

Prefer后可跟名词，代词，动名词Would you like to take a taxi?  No, I prefer walking.

Prefer to后跟动词原形I prefer to swim.     Which one do you like, tea, milk or coffee?  I prefer milk.

2.do one's best to sth.=try one's best to sth.尽某人最大努力做某事

As your best friend, I surely will try my best to help you.    As long as you try your best, you'll succeed.

3.such as 意为“例如，诸如”，与for example相似，但for example后常接完整的句子,只举一个例子，而such as后常接两个或以上的词或词组。  eg: He knows several foreign languages, such as French and Japanese.

4.mean to do sth.: 打算作某事What do you mean to do with it?

mean doing sth.: 意味着做某事That means wasting time.

5.win后接战争，比赛，奖品等名词作宾语，不能接竞争对手作宾语；而beat后常接竞争对手，意为“打败, 击败”。win a race/a battle/a prize/a medal          beat the team/the country

四、日常交际用语

Which do you like, ... or ...?

What's your favourite sport?

Which sports do you like best?

Which do you prefer, ... or ...?

What about ...?

Are you interested in ...?

Sure. I love sports.

Yes, very much./No, not really.

Shooting, I think.

I like ... best.

I prefer ... to ...

I like watching it.

I'd rather watch it than play it.

 

Unit 9 Technology

一、语法The Passive Voice(3)  现在进行时被动语态

现在进行时被动语态的构成是：be(is, am, are)+being done，表示某事现在正在被做或现阶段进行的被动动作，但不一定发生在说话的这一时刻。如：The problem is being discussed now.

She is being questioned where she has been in the past two days.    The phones are being used as cameras and radios.

二、聚焦高频考点

1.remind提醒；使记起，常与介词of, about连用。如：The letter reminded me of him.

Please remind me about it if I forget it.         He reminded me that I had done that before.

2.in case of 以防；如果，万一。如：In case of fire, ring the alarm bell.

Today I will bring an umbrella with me in case of fire.

in the case of 至于；就……来说。如：In the case of a student, smoking is very harmful.

3.take over接手；接管。如：Alan will take over the farm after his father's death.

I had to take over his work because he was sent to the hospital.

4.make+it+形容词+(for sb.)+to do sth.“使某人做某事……”。能用此型的常见动词有：find, feel, think, consider等。如：The computer makes it possible to get in touch with faraway world.

Marx found it important to learn Russian.

5.dare做情态动词时，否定句和疑问句不用do; 第三人称单数不加-s，后接不带to的动词不定式，主要用于否定，疑问，条件和表示怀疑的句中。如：She daren't go out alone at night.

Listen, if you dare speak to me like that again, you'll be sorry.

dare做实义动词时，除了具有一般实义动词的特点外，在否定，疑问句中dare后的to可省略。如：

She didn't dare (to) tell her parents what had happened.

I wonder how she dared (to) do that.

6.whatever引导名词性从句。Whatever的含义为anything that，意为“所……的任何(一切)事(东西)”；具强调意义。You can buy whatever you want.

7.stay/keep in touch with sb.保持联系；强调原本认识和联系的延续性。

Now, many young people stay/keep in touch with their friends by internet.

三、常用词语和句型

1.on the go忙碌，到处跑，如：My mum is on the go all day.       Children are always on the go.

2.agree同意；赞成；答应She agreed to my idea.她同意我的想法。

I quite agree with what you say.你所说的我很赞成。

agree on sth 表示双方达成协议The two sides have agreed on the date of the meeting.

agree with一致；相符合

agree with sb.同意某人的话；适宜健康；与……相宜The liquor did not agree with me.这酒不适合我喝。

3.come up with 赶上，走近; 想出，提出eg: Finally, I came up with the travelers.  He soon came up with a good idea.

4.seem, appear, look“看起来似”，区别是：seem暗示有一定根据的判断，这种判断往往接近事实。后接不定式或从句。Her health seems to be worse.   It seemed that something was wrong.

look着重由视觉得出的印象  Her mother looks young.

四、日常交际用语

Absolutely.

I disagree.

That's exactly what I was thinking.

I'm afraid I don’t agree.

That's a good point.

Well, it depends.

That's just how I see it.

Well, I don't know.

That's worth thinking about.Well, I'm not so sure about that.

What does it look like?

What size is it?

How much will it cost?

What is it used for?

 

Unit 10 The world around us

一、语法Review Direct and Indirect Speech直接引语和间接引语的相互转换

1.若直接引语为陈述句，则间接引语需改为由that所引导的宾语从句。如：The man said,"I am hungry."

The man said that he was hungry.

2.若直接引语为祈使句，则间接引语需改为动词不定式，原动词say也要改为可以带动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词如tell, ask, order, advise等。如：1)The teacher said,"Be careful with your spelling."

The teacher told us to be careful with our spelling.

2)"Don’t stick out your heads as the bus goes."said the driver.

The driver told us not to stick out our heads as the bus went.

3.若直接引语为一般疑问句，则间接引语需改为由if, whether引导的宾语从句，原动词say也要改为ask. 如：

1)"Is this pen yours or hers?"she asked.    She asked me if/whether that book was mine or hers.

2)The taxi driver said to the man,"Could you tell me the way to the bus station?"

The taxi driver asked the man if/whether he could tell him the way to the bus station?

4.若直接引语为特殊疑问句，则间接引语需改为以这个特殊疑问词为连接代词或连接副词所引导的宾语从句。如：

1)"What are you going to do next Sunday morning?"Jack asked me.

Jack asked me what I was going to do the next Sunday morning.

2)The boy asked,"How do you know the rule of that game?"    The boy asked how I knew the rule of that game.

二、聚焦高频考点

1.die out“消失，灭亡，消亡”，如：This kind of bird is dying out.    This king of bird has died out.

2.be/get used to“习惯于……”，如：I have got used to the life here since I've been here for five years.

used to“（过去）常常……”, 只用于一般过去时，只能与动词原形连用，表示“过去常做某事，现在已不做了”。如：Tom used to work on a farm.

3.as,like表示“像，如同”时的区别

like用于说明相似关系，即两者在形态上或性质上有相似之处，但不等同。as指“身份”或“资格”等，意为“作为，看作”等，用于说明同一关系，即两者实为一体。如：Like Lei Feng he has done a lot of good deeds.

She worked for a year in the countryside as an ordinary peasant.

4.care for“关心，照料，喜欢，愿意”；做“关心，照料”时，一般用于肯定句或疑问句。如：

When you're out, who will care for your children?

care about“关心，计较，在乎”He doesn't care about his clothes too much.

三、常用词语和句型

1.endanger危害，危及，endanger one's life危及生命。如：Smoking a lot will endanger your health.

2.adapt使适应，使适合；改编

adapt to适应……You should adapt to the new life style here.    Adapt yourself to the new climate.

adapt sth. (for sth.) (from sth.)如：This novel has been adapted for radio from the Russian original.

3.pick up(从收音机里)接收到或听到  My radio can pick up English programmes very clearly.

pick up拾起，捡起某物  She picked up her ticket.

pick up中途搭载某人，开车去接某人  I'll pick you up tonight.

4.devote ... to致力于；献身于。to后跟名词，代词或动名词。She devoted herself to her career.

The young doctor devoted all her time to helping her patients.

四、日常交际用语

Why ...?

Because/As/Since ...

Because of ..., I ...

If ..., then ...

As a result of ...

It follows that ...

It will cause ...

It will lead to ...

 

Unit 11 The sounds of the world

一、语法The Passive Voice in Different Tense  综合运用各种时态中的被动语态

1.一般现在时，如：New buildings are built every year.

2.一般过去时，如：That room was painted last night.

3.一般将来时，如：This problem will be discussed tomorrow.

4.过去将来时，如：He said the trees would be planted next year.

5.现在完成时，如：Those houses have been built this week.

6.过去完成时，如：He said that the work had been finished.

7.现在进行时，如：The old building is being repaired.

8.过去进行时，如：The new tool was being made.

二、聚焦高频考点

1.satisfy 满足；使满意；符合(要求)。如：We must satisfy the people’s needs.  I'm satisfied with the new house.

2.pick cotton/apples/tea leaves“摘棉花，苹果，茶叶”

pick sb's pocket“窃取某人口袋中的东西”

pick out 选出；挑出

pick out a new bike

pick out a beautiful tie for sb.

3.advice为不可数名词，a piece of advice

give advice on ...就……给某人提出建议  My teacher gave me some advice on how to learn English well.

4.turn into“把……变成”；有时表示“改写；翻译”如：

You are able to turn failure into success.         Can you turn it into Japanese?

三、常用词语和句型

1.practise 实行，实践。如：You should practice what you tell others to do.

Practise doing练习。如：He is practising playing the piano.

2.in common “共同的，共用的”We had all things in common at that time.

The swimming pool is used in common by all the children in the school.

3.make records/make a record“录制唱片”She likes making records of her songs.

4.on the other hand另一方面I want to go to the party, but on the other hand I ought to be studying.

5.beat(n.)一击；有规律的敲击声   a drumbeat鼓点声    a heartbeat心跳声

beat(v.)敲打   The rain was beating against/on the deck.

beat(v.)表示连续的拍打

四、日常交际用语

Maybe we could ...?

Well, but what about ...?

Can I ask you for some advice?

I suggest (that) ...

What can you suggest?

Maybe it would be better to ...

Have you considered doing ...?

That's a good idea.

Can you help me ...?

How about ...?

That's a good idea/suggestion.

 

Unit 12 Art and literature

一、语法Review the Attributive Clause  复习定语从句的用法。

关系代词：指人：who, whom, whose, 指物：which, whose, 指人或物：that

1.关系代词在从句中作主语，如：The woman who/that came to see me is a friend of mine.

2.关系代词在句中作宾语，如：Where is the boy (who/whom/that) I saw this afternoon?

3.关系代词whose, of which在从句中作定语。如：Here comes the man whose mother is a doctor.

This is the house of which the door broke last night.

4.在句中作状语，由when, why, where来引导。如：That is the day when I met him.

That is the place where I was born.         That is the reason why she was late for school.

二、聚焦高频考点

1.share(属于或由某人做的)部分，一份，如：We gave each of the five children an equal share.股份；股票

Do not part with the shares on any account.无论如何不要放弃这些股票。

(常与in连用)共用；分摊；共有We shared the sweets. 我们分吃了糖果。

They share their joys and sorrows. 他们同甘共苦。

2.come across“(偶然)遇见或发现”I came across an old friend of yours the other day.

I came across the new book here.

3.sound like听起来像；feel like感到像；smell like闻起来像That sounds like a good idea.

What does the perfume smell like?        The material feels like silk.

4.be about to ... when “正要做……突然”；如：We were about to leave when it started to rain.

Can you turn it into Japanese?

三、常用词语和句型

1.trick戏法；把戏；花样。如：I can do magic tricks.

play a trick on sb.恶作剧，开某人玩笑。如：Children will play a trick on their teacher.

2.treat“对待；看待”treat ... as ...把……当作……You should treat him fairly. The old man treated the boy as his son.

treat请客；款待Whose turn is it to treat next?

3.have trouble (in) doing sth.= have problems (in) doing sth.= have difficulties (in) doing sth.

The little child has trouble in dressing himself.

be in trouble 处于困境中It seems he is in trouble.

trouble sb. to do sth.What is troubling your mother?

4.believe后可跟名词，表示“相信”；后接从句或复合宾语时，表示“认为；料想；相信”

I believe his words.        We believe that she will succeed.

believe in表示“信奉；信仰”和信任(have trust in)   They believe in God.  I believe in having plenty of exercise.

5.What does sb./sth. look like?=What is sb./sth. like?

类似句型还有：What do you think of sb./sth.?   How do you like sb./sth.?   How do you find sb./sth.?

四、日常交际用语

What shall we do?

Would you like to ...?

I'd like to ...

Maybe we could ...

I'd prefer to ...

Which do you prefer, ... or ...?

Can’t we …?

There are several things we could do.

 

UNIT13 Healthy eating

一、课文背景知识

随着社会的不断进步,人们对吃什么以及怎么吃也越来越讲究。过去，人们主要的奋斗目标是一天三餐饭能吃饱就不错了。现在，人们不仅吃主食而且还吃零食以补充所需的养料。十多年以前，人们争着在街上买肥肉，然而，今天街上的肥肉没人要，因为肉制品多了，因为生活水平提高了，更因为人们更加了解了体内所需的营养物质。人们开始选择健康的食品。如果我们要跟上现代生活的步伐，我们最好学会正确的选择吃什么以及怎么吃。商店的事物各种各样，我们不得不进行多项选择。当我们选择我们想要买和想要吃的东西的时候，我们最好想一想这些食物是否提供了我们所需的营养。但是，事实上，我们做出的选择不仅是营养方面的。许多人今天的饮食习惯是信什么吃什么。饮食习惯成了我们信仰中不可分割的部分：素食主义者有的认为不吃肉身体要更健康些，有的则是不主张杀动物为食者。另外一些严守素食主义者则根本不吃动物制品，甚至连酸奶酪和鸡蛋都不吃。我们对产品作出的选择还决定于生产和加工方式，要是环保性的或者说是生态性的食物，是厂家用绿色而有清洁的方式生产出来的食物。有机蔬菜是指生长过程中没有使用对人体和环境有害的化学药品的蔬菜。因为我们有如此多的东西供选择，因此许多商家对我们吃什么就提出

了一些建议。书刊杂志和电视媒体向我们介绍不同保健类型需要的食物和药品，然而，真正比较好的选择是花时间和钱买好的食品并且保持饮食的平衡，多锻炼。

人们应该更多地了解自己的身体以及我们身体所需的养料，以便我们对生活中所面临的机遇和挑战有充分的准备。